A jet engine is a form of a gas turbine which can produce thrust through ejecting gases at tremendous velocity in the rearward direction. Aircraft, including airplanes, helicopters, and a few other uses such as constructing spacecraft and missiles, apply jet engines.
Principles:
Jet engines operate on Newton’s third law, where for any action, there will be an equal but opposite reaction. Air is either drawn into the engine, using an intake system or another appropriate system. It is then compressed first by the fans or compressors. Next, it’s mixed with fuel and ignited within the combustion chamber. These hot gases then expand their volume, pressure, and temperature in the combustor. Finally, they are exhausted through the nozzle at the rear of the engine, leading to thrust.
Air Intake:
The jet engine works at the beginning commences when an intake traps air from the ambient. This air is utilized to operate the combustion and propelling mechanisms of the plane. The configuration shown above refers to the IGV of jet aircraft engines.
Compression:
Here, the process of raising the pressure and temperature of the incoming air to the furnace occurs through either compressing or pre-heating the air. This process is usually accomplished by utilizing multiple compressor stages, which are spinning components with blades that reduce the area for packing of the air.
Fuel Injection:
Subsequently, having received a compressed air, a fuel is injected into the flowing stream containing the compressed air. The fuel that came from the fuel injection joins with the air from where it got drawn in, forming a combustible material.
Combustion:
A compressed air and fuel is then added or injected and ignited in a combustion chamber . The ignition starts very small combustion of flammable gases producing gaseous products that expand quickly thus increasing pressure and temperature.
Expansion and Exhaust:
It increases the fuel burn-up rate, and the fuel combustion produces hot, high-pressure gases of products of combustion, which the engine expels through a nozzle at the rear of the plane. The cylinders are coupled with turbine blades, where the exhausted gases pass out of the engine, exerting a pulling force known as thrust, which pulls the engine in the opposite direction.
Thrust Generation:
The engine presses out the expelled gases at a high velocity. This action aligns with Newton’s third Law of motion, which proclaims that every action will have an equal and opposite reaction. Thus, the engine experiences a backward thrust and produces momentum, or what is often referred to as thrust. This thrust push the aircraft forward and initiate a deceleration on the backward direction as pointed out below.
Types:
The aviation industry uses four standard classes of jet engines, namely, turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft engines. High-speed military aircrafts highly employ turbojets, while most commercial aircrafts use turbofans since they are the most efficient in fuel consumption and also less noisy.
In all, one can say that jet engines, one of the most remarkable inventions of the twentieth century, have furthered the advancement of the transportation industry for quicker, more efficient cross-country travel and remain an essential feature of the modern aviation and aerospace fields.
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